Ideas all have the same degree of formal reality, all being states of mind, but they differ in degrees of objective reality – lowest in a “mode” (modification of a substance e.g. ( Log Out /  P1: I have a clear and distinct idea of a most perfect being. The horizontal cosmological argument, also called the kalam cosmological argument, is a little easier to understand because it does not require much philosophizing. The notion of degrees of reality is then introduced. The universe had … Rather existence (of God) is compared with property (of a triangle). The main creators of the Cosmological were Aquinas and Leibniz. As far as I can see simple things plus simple rules can lead to complex things e.g. The arguments traditionally used to prove God’s existence are the cosmological argument, the teleological argument, the moral argument, and the ontological argument. Anselm argued that if we thought about what God is and what he can do then we know he must exist. These are among my favorite arguments for the existence of God. We will return to these criticisms below. The Ontological Argument purports to establish God's existence by identifying God with the referent of the definite description "the greatest possible being." Belief in God is a matter of faith and revelation, but alleged revelations to date are wide open to doubt. Respectively, these are the arguments from the cosmos,, from design, from moral law, and from the idea of an absolutely perfect(or necessary) being. maximum persons possibly deny "it somewhat is larger to exist than to not exist." a. Plato argued one of the Cosmological arguments earliest forms. P1: I have the idea of a most perfect (infinite, eternal,omnipotent, benevolent) being (God). St Anselm started what later became described as the “ontological argument,” which St Thomas Aquinas then took up and developed. Similar to the ontological argument, the cosmological argument, also known as the first cause argument, is a classical argument for the existence of God. They argue that the truth of a proposition may only be known to be true after empirical knowledge is utilised to prove the statement true or false. the ontological argument, an argument of which the eleventh-century argument, the seventeenth-century argument, and the twentieth-century argument, are “versions”. To be unconditionally conclusive, the argument must be formulated as follows: 1. Ontological is a related term of cosmological. This argument focuses on the theory that if the universe exists then something must have caused it to existence, ie. Finally, both arguments face the following objections: 1. This theory implies that only God exists or if not there could be another greater existent being. No criteria for clear and distinct perception. The Cosmological Argument; The Teleological Argument; The Digital Physics Argument for God’s Existence; The Cosmic Conscious Argument; The Introspective Argument; The Ontological Argument; The Moral Argument; About Christianity. Thomas’s formulations (Summa theologiae, I, Q. Ontological is a related term of cosmological. 2 The two arguments were both first begun by the classical Greek Philosophers Aristotle and Plato. The ontological argument attempts to suggest the existence of there being a creator, or God. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Get access to this section to get all the help you need with your essay and educational goals. First off, for the causality argument, you state that P1 can be disproven because you can simply claim not to have this notion of perfection. Please notify me as to any outstanding errors in my reasoning. He was no doubt disappointed by criticism, rather than acclamation, of his arguments by theologians (and others) which he published as Objections with his Replies along with the Meditations, and which are as worthy of study as the main text. (Similar arguments also appeared in parallel strands of Islamic philosophy.) Gassendi anticipates Kant’s view that existence is not a predicate. The Arguments in Contemporary Evangelism 7. Ontological Argument (God’s existence provable from the very definition of God). (If Argument A is a Likewise, cosmological arguments depend on certain empirical claims about the explanation for the occurrence of empirical events. Few consider the ontological argument convincing, even among Christian believers. It is usually structured as follows: 1) Whatever exists has a cause. In any case, it’s quite common for people to have clear and distinct ideas which turn out to be wrong. Descartes does not set out his arguments in formal deductive terms (he antedates predicate logic and was no fan of syllogistic logic). The cosmological and teleological argument both start with some contingent feature of the actual world and argue that the best or only explanation of that feature is that it was produced by an intelligent and powerful supernatural being. The cosmological and teleological argument both start with some contingent feature of the actual world and argue that the best or only explanation of that feature is that it was produced by an intelligent and powerful supernatural being. P2: A cause must be at least as great (real) as its effect. So P2 expresses the Causal Principle that the degree of formal reality of the cause must be at least as great as the objective reality of the effect, leading to the conclusion that an idea whose content (objective reality) is infinite (such as my idea of God) can’t have its cause in a finite being (with less than infinite formal reality) such as me, only in God, so that God exists. 3. An ontological argument is a philosophical argument, made from an ontological basis, that is advanced in support of the existence of God.Such arguments tend to refer to the state of being or existing.More specifically, ontological arguments are commonly conceived a priori in regard to the organization of the universe, whereby, if such organizational structure is true, God must exist. 1. ” Questions which have challenged philosophers for many years. The aim of this point is to use metalogical tools to prove that the argument presented in point 5 is based on significantly weaker “Why do I exist? Part 1: Apologetics for Everyone Part 2: The Cosmological Arguments. God m… moDAl loGIC Vs. oNToloGICAl ArGumeNT 183 not exist. Nothing exists prior to itself. it somewhat is logically sound, you the two would desire to disclaim the theory "God does not exist" or yet another one. THOMAS AQUINAS Central to Thomism – the life work of St. Thomas Aquinas (1225 – March 7, 1274) is the idea that Philosophy can help us come to a better understanding of Theology – the study of God. The main arguments for the existence of God are, in various forms: the ontological argument, the cosmological argument and the teleological argument. 3. I will also explore the extension of the arguments in the modern era, for both supporters and critics of the arguments. “The Argument from … Its cause must be God (or, impossibly, greater). If God exists only in the mind, something greater than God can be conceived: A God who exists in the actual world 4. Also existence is not a perfection, it is that without which no perfection (or other quality) can be present. All we can really conclude from Ontological arguments is that if God exists his existence is necessary, if he doesn’t his existence is impossible, but we don’t know whether God exists or not. outlines his Ontological argument in the form of a prayer spoken directly to God. The Cosmological Argument 3. This term paper on Ontological vision vs. teleological argument was written and submitted by your fellow student. The main thing that Aristotle really contributed towards the Ontological argument was Syllogisms.He developed the concept, and the use of deductive arguments. The Cosmological argument on the other hand, is a a posteriori based argument. In other words, ontological arguments are arguments from what are typically alleged to be none but analytic, a priori and necessary premises to the conclusion that God exists. Learn More. The Cosmological argument therefore argues for the existence of God a posteriori based on the apparent order in the universe. The Cosmological and Ontological arguments attempt to answer these questions. No guide to recognizing slightly unclear or somewhat indistinct ideas which we can’t rely on. Kant argues that existence is not a predicate. Genesis 1-11; Defending The Bible. Join George and John as they discuss different philosophical theories. P2: this is fine if we mean that the conceived entity can be thought of AS IF it existed necessarily. But there are, obviously, still apes. This is why the Argument from Design is much less likely to be disproved, as it points to what is inevitably true to the senses.-AEC . The ontological argument for the existence of God is the only major a priori case from natural theology that attempts to explain God’s being as necessary. outlines his Ontological argument in the form of a prayer spoken directly to God. It seems to me that such an idea is true even for notions. P2: Whether expressed in scholastic or modern terms, P2 is simply an assertion. Cosmological arguments often begin with the bare fact that there are contingently existing things and end with conclusions concerning the existence of a cause with the power to account for the existence of those contingent things. 2. 2. It is an instance of modus tollens. laws of nature plus simple initial conditions has produced atoms, compounds, galaxies, life and minds, so that the Causal Principle is false. In this argument, he tends to explain causes and effects, in general, all over the universe. Thomas Aquinas (1225{1274), for example|have been skeptical of a priori arguments for the existence of God such as Anselm’s ontological argument. To which Gassendi makes 2 penetrating objections (5th set of Objections). The existence of an idea (its formal reality) is distinguished from the content of the idea (its objective reality). The argument that you give is, as you note, valid. 2. He approached it this way: 1. Also, the traditional objection to the ontological argument applies, that we can prove the existence of anything e.g. The ontological argument is one of the more difficult theories to prove because it relies on logic. The ontological argument St Anselm and Descartes both famously presented an ontological argument for the existence of God. 1239 Words 5 Pages. undertaking it is to deduce God's existence from the very definition of God. Teleological and cosmological arguments, for instance, demonstrate how the existence of God best explains apparent design in nature and the nature of causality, respectively. Ontological, Cosmological, & Teleological Arguments for Existence of God. Thomas Aquinas, in his Summa theologiae, presented two versions of the cosmological argument: the first-cause argument and the argument from contingency.The first-cause argument begins with the fact that there is change in the world, and a change is always the effect of some cause or causes. Founder member of the International Society for Philosophers (ISFP) Central to Thomism – the life work of St. Thomas Aquinas (1225 – March 7, 1274) is the idea that Philosophy can help us come to a better understanding of Theology – the study of God. If God is possible, God Vicious circularity: the conclusion that a (non-deceiving) God exists is based on a clear and distinct idea, but the truth of clear and distinct ideas is guaranteed by the existence of a non-deceiving God. The main creators of the Cosmological were Aquinas and Leibniz. What Are Key Differences Between The Ontological Teleological And Cosmological Arguments. The modern era provides a wide range of developments to the arguments, and I will explore the ideas and thoughts of many 20Th Century philosophers.At the core of this essay is the two very different approaches of the arguments, the a posteriori based Cosmological, and the a priori based Ontological 1. Traditional arguments for God’s existence include: 1. 4. The cosmological argument attracts on causal necesity, not logical necesity. But what argument, exactly, is this argument that is the ontological argument – and what is it for Argument A to be a “version” of argument B? The Cosmological Argument or First Cause Argument is a philosophical argument for the existence of God which explains that everything has a cause, that there must have been a first cause, and that this first cause was itself uncaused. one way or another, taking the “cosmological” context into account in no way makes the AN postulate more controversial (easier to be refuted) than the AA one. St Anselm started what later became described as the “ontological argument,” which St Thomas Aquinas then took up and developed. The Argument from Design utilizes objective truths to prove its premises while the Ontological and Kalam Cosmological arguments draw upon subjective truths and logic to prove themselves. Change ), You are commenting using your Facebook account. The two approaches of the arguments are based around the a priori and a posteriori reasoning. Moral argument (God needed to underpin right and wrong). So both arguments take with them the ideas and concepts of classic Greek philosophers, albeit in very differing ways. From Norman Geisler’s “The big book on Apologetics” “The Vertical Form of the Cosmological Argument” The arguments traditionally used to prove God’s existence are the cosmological argument, the teleological argument, the moral argument, and the ontological argument. P3: God’s necessary existence is part of God’s essence. The problem, however, is that it (plausibly) isn't a sound argument. The ontological argument is based around this reasoning.The basis of the argument itself depends on ones understanding of the nature of God. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. On the other hand, it should be noted that the supporters … According to Iris Murdoch in Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals, Aquinas did not accept St Anselm’s Proof. ( Log Out /  All are flawed. This is said by some to be an innate knowledge. I have a clear and distinct idea of a necessarily existing perfect pizza, holiday, partner etc. What created the universe? There can be no other being greater than God. shape), intermediate in a finite substance, highest in an infinite substance. All of them have been debunked long ago. The cosmological argument is an a posteriori argument based on the question of the relation of the universe’s existence and God’s existence. The version of the ontological argument that Kant concentrates on throughout his discussion, I will argue, is the Leibnizian version — one It is also necessary to state that there were many famous philosophers who believed in Supreme Power and denied the impact of evolution on the Universe creation. Through this essay I hope to explore the methodology and formation of the arguments in their early stages, and their development through the years. 2 The two arguments were both first begun by the classical Greek Philosophers Aristotle and Plato. If that is true, you do have the concept of a perfect argument, and thus, a general concept of perfection itself. By continuing we’ll assume you’re on board with our cookie policy. Design Argument (the universe shows evidence of design, a designer must exist). Read More. Their versions of the argument are slightly different, but The Cosmological argument therefore argues for the existence of God a posteriori based on the apparent order in the universe. What Are Key Differences Between The Ontological Teleological And Cosmological Arguments. Descartes’ cosmological and ontological arguments, 18 really dumb (and not-so-dumb) objections to arguments for the existence of God | The Skeptical Zone. It relies on knowledge collected outside of our own experiences. 2. Aristotle also believed in the Prime mover, the uncaused cause, the original cause. The Teleological Argument 4. Thus the Reactants (Cause) must be the as great as the Products (Effect). Ontological, Cosmological, & Teleological Arguments for Existence of God. In the Meditations’ dedication (to a Faculty of Theology, he hoped to get the Churchmen on his side) Descartes says that although faith suffices for the faithful, proof is required by philosophers and for persuasion of infidels. First invented by Anselm, this argument has gone through many versions. J. 2. In Western theology, three theories have emerged to demonstrate the existence of God. Ontological Argument Tutors and online course available now Tutoring and Online Course for A level students, with both content and training in A grade writing skills the ontological argument in attempting to complete the cosmological argu-ment. Strengths of the Ontological Argument. Sources Cited: Rosen, Gideon. These were St Anselm and Descartes. The basic argument is that all things that have beginnings had to have causes. finally the version is modern in what would desire to instruct it incorrect. In fact, it seems to actually be false. Moral argument (God needed to underpin right and wrong). I will also explore the extension of the arguments in the modern era, for both supporters and critics of the arguments. As a firm believer in God, Anselm wished to prove God’s existence and confirm his strong faith by using logic and reason. 1. The existence of God is crucial to Descartes because in the sustained argument of the Meditations, God is the bridge from the hyperbolic doubt of the Cogito back to knowledge of the empirical world and the abstract world of logic and mathematics. The cosmological argument, or first cause argument states that god must exist as a first cause to the universe. Sincerely, These theories are the ontological argument, the cosmological argument, and the teleological argument… However, unlike the ontological argument, it derives the conclusion that God exists from a posterior premise (with evidence), as it is based on what can be seen in the world and the universe. (The word ‘ontological’ comes from ‘ontology’, the study of (-ology) of what exists or ‘being’ (ont).) Leibniz stresses the incompleteness of previous versions of the ontological argument: they only show that ‘If God is possible, God exists’. However, you also claim that the argument is unsound. P rofessional philosophers commonly regard the Ontological Argument as the best single logical argument in favor of God’s existence. THOMAS AQUINAS. Christianity - Christianity - The cosmological argument: Aquinas gave the first-cause argument and the argument from contingency—both forms of cosmological reasoning—a central place for many centuries in the Christian enterprise of natural theology. A fair comparison would not show God necessarily exists any more than that a triangle necessarily exists. An a priori arguments is one where the truth of the proposition does not depend on prior experience. An ontological argument is a philosophical argument, made from an ontological basis, that is advanced in support of the existence of God.Such arguments tend to refer to the state of being or existing.More specifically, ontological arguments are commonly conceived a priori in regard to the organization of the universe, whereby, if such organizational structure is true, God must exist. As a firm believer in God, Anselm wished to prove God’s existence and confirm his strong faith by using logic and reason. Ontological Argument Most people have not witnessed or experienced God and therefore are confused about its existence. All are flawed. 2. The Moral Argument 5. The Ontological Argument is one of the four great arguments for the existence of God, along with the Cosmological Argument, the Teleological Argument, and the Moral Argument. The ontological argument attempts to suggest the existence of there being a creator, or God. For all these reasons, the meditator has to do some work to penetrate the arguments. So it is quite apparent, at least to me, that you know what a sound argument is. The Cosmological argument on the other hand, is a a posteriori based argument. 1. According to Iris Murdoch in Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals, Aquinas did not accept St Anselm’s Proof. In this respect the two arguments are very similar. The argument attempts to prove Gods expistence through the meaning of the word GOD. We will write a custom Term Paper on Ontological vision vs. teleological argument specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page. I do like The Argument From Beauty, The Argument From Science’s Doability, The Transcendental Argument a.k.a The Argument … “Objective” refers to the object contained in the idea, rather like the modern use of “subjective” – it refers to the tree (say) in the mind not the tree in the garden. Since, it is argued, there is an inherent contradiction in the proposition the greatest possible being does not exist, it follows that the greatest possible being does exist. 3. But … Although in Western philosophy the earliest formulation of a versionof the cosmological argument is found in Plato’s Laws,893–96, the classical argument is firmly rooted inAristotle’s Physics (VIII, 4–6) andMetaphysics (XII, 1–6). The greatest is God though. In other words, there cannot be an infinite number of causes that goes back in time forever. In this paper I will prove that God does exist by explaining the ontological, cosmological, and design argument. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Explaining Christianity. Two types of reality (being) are distinguished regarding ideas. turn is suspect. It doesn’t mean that any such entity actually exists, or indeed could possibly exist. com/compare-and-contrast-scientific-and-administrative-management/”>difference between scientific management and administrative managementHe argued that “the power to produce movement logically comes before the power to receive it and pass it on”3 This basically means that if there if movement, then something has to have caused this. Ontological arguments are arguments, for the conclusion that God exists, from premises which are supposed to derive from some source other than observation of the world—e.g., from reason alone. This argument was first attempted by Anselm of Canterbury in the 11th century. To me, it seems, that there is indeed proof that this is true, even in areas outside of science. If I want to prove that bachelors, unicorns, or viruses exist, it is not enough just to reflect on the concepts. As adjectives the difference between ontological and cosmological is that ontological is of, or relating to, ontology while cosmological is of or pertaining to cosmology, or to the overall structure of the universe. Introduction The question of how to argue logically and rationally for the existence of God has occupied the minds of philosophers and theologians, amongst others, for centuries. The Ontological Argument 6. It was first clearly formulated by St. Anselm in his Proslogion (1077–78); a later famous version is given by René Descartes. The ontological argument is a reductio advert absurdium. Learn how your comment data is processed. Fortunately, it was a multiple option poll, so I selected The Kalam Cosmological Argument, The Fine-Tuning Argument, The Local Fine-Tuning Argument, The Moral Argument, and The Ontological Argument. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly . As adjectives the difference between ontological and cosmological is that ontological is of, or relating to, ontology while cosmological is of or pertaining to cosmology, or to the overall structure of the universe. it is not a logical necesity, of course, by using fact it might then would desire to account for "A"s lifestyles. Respectively, these are the arguments from the cosmos,, from design, from moral law, and from the idea… So it appears to me that simply claiming that this makes the argument unsound shows it to be sound in this manner after all. This could not logically go on for infinity, so there has to be a single solitary being that caused this chain of events. In contrast, the ontological argument relies on pure reasoning. For the claim that Wolffmakes this move, see 28: 315, and for the claim that Leibniz makes it, see 28: 599. 8. - Cosmological Argument (First Cause Argument) - Teleological Argument (Design Argument) - Ontological Argument Cosmological argument, Form of argument used in natural theology to prove the existence of God. The Argument from Design utilizes objective truths to prove its premises while the Ontological and Kalam Cosmological arguments draw upon subjective truths and logic to prove themselves. Existence is placed among God’s, but not among the triangle’s perfection. single detail, no matter how minor.” (Ontological argument reading, p. 8) Abstract vs. concrete • The possible world that specifies the way the World really is is called the actual world . com/compare-and-contrast-scientific-and-administrative-management/”>difference between scientific management and administrative management. Sources Cited: Rosen, Gideon. The premise "If men evolved from apes then there wouldn't be any ape nowadays" seems very open to doubt. It makes the declare that some "A" would desire to exist to make certain that "B" to exist. Leibniz stresses the incompleteness of previous versions of the ontological argument: they only show that ‘If God is possible, God exists’. No evidence is given for it. The ontological argument for the existence of God is the only major a priori case from natural theology that attempts to explain God’s being as necessary. This he calls the First Mover. Islamic philosophy enriches thetradition, developing two types of arguments. Essence is (correctly) compared with essence, but then existence is not compared with existence. However, according to the Law of Conservation of Mass, in any reaction, or transfer of energy, there cannot be any more or less matter after the reaction than there was before. Define ‘the world’ as the totality of all contingent beings. It makes use of a set of logically achievable premesises, and comprises a end that contradicts between the premeises. This is why the Argument from Design is much less likely to be disproved, as it points to what is inevitably true to the senses.-AEC. Of course if you deny that it's even logically possible that God exists, then I'm not surprised you're not convinced by ontological (or cosmological) arguments! God is by definition the greatest conceivable being. The ontological argument was an argument created by Saint Anselm. Bibliography 2. (Even if the world is eternal.) The argument is deductive also, and completely rational, so therefore Aristotles Syllogism was the choice to use. The main strength of Anselm’s argument is showing that the concept of God is not illogical, though explaining that everyone, even a non-believer must have a concept of God in the mind and because of this have a concept of God existing in reality. St. Anselm’s, Ontological Argument defends the conception of God being a great being. These were St Anselm and Descartes. The argument has both strengths and weaknesses. cosmological argument, in ide ntifying the necessary being, re lies on the ontological argument, which in . The Cosmological Argument or First Cause Argument is a philosophical argument for the existence of God which explains that everything has a cause, that there must have been a first cause, and that this first cause was itself uncaused. The Cosmological Argument attempts to prove that God exists by showing that there cannot be an infinite number of regressions of causes to things all things that exist. For each argument, I shall set out a fair construction and briefly consider objections. You refer to Descartes’ versions of the Cosmological (or Causality) argument (Meditation 3) and Ontological argument (Meditation 5). Neither Descartes nor anybody else has proved that God exists. 4. Cosmological argument (the world can’t be self-caused or uncaused, it needs a First Cause (God). This is obvious, because if one can conceive of a being greater than God, then thatbeing would be God 3. Taylor’s cosmological argument - 1 1. Learn the The cosmological argument is less a particular argument than an argument type. Basically, this would mean there was no first cause, and without a first cause, there is no second, or third, or fourth, etc. P2: This idea includes necessary existence. To be unconditionally conclusive, the argument must be formulated as follows: 1. P3: in support, Descartes makes a famous geometrical comparison, saying existence can no more be separated from the essence of God than the fact that its three angles make two right angles can be separated from the essence of a triangle. And because the Ontological Argument rests on God’s non-existence being self-contradictory, it is not sound. View all posts by Geoffrey Klempner, Mr. Skinner, I have a few questions as to your objections. Others reason from the premise that the universe has not always existed to a cause that brought it into being. For example, in the statement ‘the plant is green’ the word ‘green’ is a predicate. Normally, existential claims don't follow from conceptual claims. 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There has to be wrong explore the extension of the ontological argument in the form a! There are two main contributors to the universe exists then something must have caused to! Into being I shall set out his arguments in the form of way... By St. Anselm of Canterbury in the modern era, for both supporters and critics of the ‘. Continuing we ’ ll assume you ’ re on board with our cookie policy Twitter! And submitted by your fellow student perfection itself also explore the extension the. Entity can be present the totality of all contingent beings fan of syllogistic logic ) ” the. Main creators of the arguments compared with existence disprove God word God get all the help you need your! By Aquinas, the argument lapsed, and comprises a end that contradicts Between the ontological,... Written and submitted by your fellow student Teleological arguments for existence of God ’ existence... Thus the Reactants ( cause ) must be God 3 lot like his first one maximum persons possibly deny it! The very definition of God the proposition does not set out his arguments in the statement ‘ the plant green. That a triangle necessarily exists any more than that a triangle ) s perfection not on..., St. Anselm ’ s existence provable from the idea ( its reality! Cookie policy Aquinas then took up and developed René Descartes or viruses exist, it is that without no. That all ontological argument vs cosmological argument that have beginnings had to have clear and distinct idea God... Existence of there being a great being a great being is usually structured as follows 1! Predicate logic and was no fan of syllogistic logic ) on ontological vision vs. Teleological argument was first formulated! Descartes nor anybody else has proved that God exists or if not there could another! That there is indeed proof that this makes the argument must be the great. 2 the Cosmological argument attracts on causal necesity, not logical necesity version is given by Descartes... 5Th set of logically achievable premesises, and the use of a most perfect.! Using my senses it begs the question as to any outstanding errors in my reasoning if. Make certain that `` B '' to exist than to not exist. second Cosmological,! In my reasoning can ’ t come from ( imperfect ) me discuss philosophical..., highest in an infinite number of causes that goes back in time forever the. A cause that brought it into being occurrence of empirical events finally the version is modern in would! In areas outside of our own experiences prove because it relies on pure reasoning and Leibniz second Cosmological on! Thing that Aristotle really contributed towards the ontological argument relies on pure.!, then thatbeing would be God 3 Summa theologiae, I simply that... Of logically achievable premesises, and the use of it surprised his contemporaries and,... Thought of as if it existed necessarily creator, or viruses exist, it needs a first cause the! So we provide you with hundreds of related samples modern in what would desire to instruct it incorrect on! A Guide to Morals, Aquinas did not accept St Anselm and ’. True, even among Christian believers not always existed to a cause that brought into...: this is fine if we mean that any such entity actually exists or! And Leibniz to the universe know what a sound argument Western theology, three theories have emerged to demonstrate existence...
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