[3][4] Frank H. McMahon, of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, invented the terms FLOPS and MFLOPS (megaFLOPS) so that he could compare the supercomputers of the day by the number of floating-point calculations they performed per second. Then if k = [p/2] is half the precision (rounded up) and m = k + 1, x can be split as x = x h + x l, where x h = (m x) (m x x), x l = x x h, This was much better than using the prevalent MIPS to compare computers as this statistic usually had little bearing on the arithmetic capability of the machine. Understand the architecture of a modern computer with its various processing units. FLOPS on an HPC-system can be calculated using this equation:[5]. Older computers used to have a separate floating point unit that handled these calculations, but now the FPU is typically built into the computer's CPU. II Register transfer Language, Register Transfer, Bus and Memory Transfer 16. nodes When configured to do so, it can reach speeds in excess of three petaFLOPS.[29]. • The number in the mantissa is taken as a fraction, so binary point resides to the left of the magnitude part. For example, 0/0 (invalid), the system sets the "invalid operation" flag. [48][49], On June 10, 2013, China's Tianhe-2 was ranked the world's fastest with 33.86 petaFLOPS. 2014/4/13 31 The distribution of immediate values 0.00% 5.00% While several similar formats are in use, the most common is ANSI/IEEE Std. the most powerful supercomputing system in the world for open science research, which operates at sustained speed of 0.5 petaFLOPS. socket Kraken was declared the world's fastest university-managed supercomputer and sixth fastest overall in the 2009 TOP500 list. : Mathematics: Sandra Arithmetic, Crypto, Microsoft Excel", "AMD FireStream 9270 GPU Compute Accelerator", "Intel's Knights Corner: 50+ Core 22nm Co-processor", "Intel unveils 1 TFLOP/s Knight's Corner", "BBC News – US Titan supercomputer clocked as world's fastest", "Oak Ridge Claims No. Floating-point numbers have decimal points in them. The computer's name refers to the New Mexico state bird, the greater roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus).[34]. AMD Ryzen 7 1700 CPU combined with AMD Radeon Vega FE cards in CrossFire tops out at over 50 TFLOPS at just under, Built using commercially available parts. The storage order of individual bytes in binary floating point numbers varies from architecture to architecture. While several similar formats are in use, the most common is ANSI/IEEE Std. The new system is installed at RIKEN Center for Computational Science (R-CCS) in Kobe, Japan. ), where c n refers to coprocessor # n . Vector processing performs the arithmetic operation on the large array of integers or floating-point number. •Significant issues include: fixed point vs. floating point arithmetic, overflow and underflow, handling of signed numbers, and performance. A floating point operation may produce: 19. Floats (32-bit floating point numbers) CS429 Slideset 4: 11 Floating … 2 (without a decimal point) is a binary integer. In normalised floating point form, the mantissa has only zeroes before the … Floating-Point Reference Sheet for Intel® Architecture. The 80-core chip can raise this result to 2 teraFLOPS at 6.26 GHz, although the thermal dissipation at this frequency exceeds 190 watts.[27]. Possibly over ows if exponent is too large. The SX-9 features the first CPU capable of a peak vector performance of 102.4 gigaFLOPS per single core. The encoding scheme stores the sign, the exponent (in base two for Cray and VAX, base two or ten for IEEE floating point formats, and base 16 for IBM Floating Point Architecture) and the Significand (number after the radix point). In Fixed Point Notation, the number is stored as a signed integer in two’s complement format.On top of this, we apply a notional split, locating the radix point (the separator between integer and fractional parts) a fixed number of bits to the left of its notationa… By continuing to use our site, you consent to Arm’s Privacy Policy. To understand floating point addition, first we see addition of real numbers in decimal as same logic is applied in both cases. . Lec 14 Systems Architecture 2 Introduction • Objective: To provide hardware support for floating point arithmetic. Floating-point arithmetic is needed for very large or very small real numbers, or computations that require a large dynamic range. Specific to floating-point numbers, a floating-point operation is any On October 25, 2007, NEC Corporation of Japan issued a press release announcing its SX series model SX-9,[30] claiming it to be the world's fastest vector supercomputer. The architecture details are left to the hardware manufacturers. Older computers used to have a separate floating point unit that handled these calculations, but now the FPU is typically built into the computer's … Floating-point numbers have decimal points in them. Floating-point operations are typically used in fields such as scientific computational research. With f77, the default on SPARC and x86 systems is not to automatically generate a signal to interrupt the running program for a floating-point … Sandia director Bill Camp said that ASCI Red had the best reliability of any supercomputer ever built, and "was supercomputing's high-water mark in longevity, price, and performance".[26]. 754-1985. First, we need to align the exponent and then, we can add significand. Floating-point arithmetic is needed for very large or very small real numbers, or computations that require a large dynamic range. Floating Point Operations Conceptual View First compute the exact result. • Numbers are normalized both during initial and after the operation. Three, This page was last edited on 16 November 2020, at 19:52. Make it t into the desired precision. Specific to floating-point numbers, a floating-point operation is any mathematical operation (such as +, -, *, /) or assignment that involves floating-point numbers (as opposed to binary integer operations). For such cases it is a more accurate measure than measuring instructions per second. Possibly round to t into frac. • 3. Fugaku is powered by Fujitsu’s 48-core A64FX SoC, becoming the first number one system on the list to be powered by ARM processors. load/store floating-point quad word instructions. Bunyip was the first sub-US$1/MFLOPS computing technology. Special instructions are required to move data between the coprocessor(s) and CPU (e.g., mfc0 , mtc0 , mfc0 , mtc0 , etc. BYTE-WISE ACCESS TO FLOAT VALUES, GENERAL: 18. This site uses cookies to store information on your computer. Computers recognize real numbers that contain fractions as floating point numbers. It uses two enhanced floating-point units (FPU) per chip, each FPU is two-way SIMD, and each SIMD FPU unit performs one Fused Multiply Add operation (equivalent to two floating-point operations) per cycle. All modern processors are superscalar. When a calculation includes a floating point number, it is called a "floating point calculation." When you have to represent very small or very large numbers, a fixed point representation will not do. In computing, floating point operations per second (FLOPS, flops or flop/s) is a measure of computer performance, useful in fields of scientific computations that require floating-point calculations. This standard defines the format for 32-bit numbers called single precision, as well as 64-bit numbers called double precision and longer numbers called extended precision (used for intermediate results). It is named after the Japanese word "kei", which stands for 10 quadrillion,[42] corresponding to the target speed of 10 petaFLOPS. 7 Floating Point Arithmetic Unit Floating-point numbers and operations. cores rack operations). A number representation specifies some way of encoding a number, usually as a string of digits. The number On November 15, 2011, Intel demonstrated a single x86-based processor, code-named "Knights Corner", sustaining more than a teraFLOPS on a wide range of DGEMM operations. . In November 2008, an upgrade to the Cray Jaguar supercomputer at the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) raised the system's computing power to a peak 1.64 petaFLOPS, making Jaguar the world's first petaFLOPS system dedicated to open research. To understand how to represent floating point numbers in the computer … Last Reviewed: Thursday, January 26, 2006, Cookie Settings | Terms of Use | Privacy | Accessibility | Trademarks | Contact Us | Feedback. [50], On June 20, 2016, China's Sunway TaihuLight was ranked the world's fastest with 93 petaFLOPS on the LINPACK benchmark (out of 125 peak petaFLOPS). The design of almost every aspect of a computer system requires knowledge about floating-point. 1. n bits in operation code imply that there are _____ possible distinct operators ... A floating point number that has a O in the MSB of mantissa is said … The unit MIPS measures integer performance of a computer. [28] The Cray XT4 hit second place with 101.7 teraFLOPS. involves floating-point numbers (as opposed to binary integer Addition and Subtraction • 1. Floating point: like scientific notation, e.g. node Make it t into the desired precision. Specialized architectures and accelerators can help speed up application-specific core arithmetic operations such as floating-point multiply add and accumulate, vector and matrix operations that take up much of the execution cycles for HPC and AI workloads. Converting Floating-point Number to Integer, GENERAL: That's over a 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 operations per second, making us ~10x faster than the IBM Summit!pic.twitter.com/mPMnb4xdH3", "Folding@Home Crushes Exascale Barrier, Now Faster Than Dozens of Supercomputers - ExtremeTech", "Folding@Home exceeds 1.5 ExaFLOPS in the battle against Covid-19", "Sony Computer Entertainment's Support for Folding@home Project on PlayStation™3 Receives This Year's "Good Design Gold Award, "Internet PrimeNet Server Distributed Computing Technology for the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search", "Kentucky Linux Athlon Testbed 2 (KLAT2)", "Microwulf: A Personal, Portable Beowulf Cluster", Sony Sparks Price War With PS4 Priced at $399, "Radeon R9 295X2 8 GB Review: Project Hydra Gets Liquid Cooling", "Building a 50 Teraflops AMD Vega Deep Learning Box for Under $3K", "lowest_$/fp16 - mattebaughman's Saved Part List - Celeron G3930 2.9GHz Dual-Core, Radeon RX VEGA 64 8GB (3-Way CrossFire), XON-350_BK ATX Mid Tower - PCPartPicker", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FLOPS&oldid=989051847, Articles needing additional references from February 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018, Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Computer system designers rarely get guidance from numerical analys… [citation needed]. {\displaystyle {\text{FLOPS}}={\text{racks}}\times {\frac {\text{nodes}}{\text{rack}}}\times {\frac {\text{sockets}}{\text{node}}}\times {\frac {\text{cores}}{\text{socket}}}\times {\frac {\text{cycles}}{\text{second}}}\times {\frac {\text{FLOPs}}{\text{cycle}}}} f77 and f95 differ significantly in the way they handle floating-point exceptions. It headed the June 2008 and November 2008 TOP500 list of the most powerful supercomputers (excluding grid computers). This standard defines the format for 32-bit numbers called single precision, as well as 64-bit numbers called double precision and longer numbers called extended precision (used for intermediate results). Floating-point representation is similar to scientific notation, except everything is carried out in base two, rather than base ten. represent 36752010000000000000 as The numbers in front giving the value comprise the mantissa, then comes the base (10 in this case) raised to the power given by the exponent In a computer the base is 2. Vector processing operates on all the elements of the array in parallel providing each pass is independent of the other. The system, which is almost exclusively based on technology developed in China, is installed at the National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi, and represents more performance than the next five most powerful systems on the TOP500 list combined. This section contains more frequently asked Computer Architecture Basics Multiple Choice Questions and Answers in the various University Level and Competitive Examinations. The IEEE 754 standard defines a binary floating point format. The number 2.0 is a floating-point number because it has a decimal in it. second is a floating-point number because it has a decimal in it. "Nodes, Sockets, Cores and FLOPS, Oh, My" by Dr. Mark R. 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Computer Arithmetic •Using number representations from Chapter 2, we will explore four basic arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division. A number in scienti fic notation that has no leading 0s is called a normalized number, which is the usual way to write it. Floating Point Notation is a way to represent very large or very small numbers precisely using scientific notation in binary. This process is called pipelining [5], and a processor that can do this is referred to as a superscalar architecture. MIPS as a performance benchmark is adequate when a computer is used in database queries, word processing, spreadsheets, or to run multiple virtual operating systems. In 2009, the Cray Jaguar performed at 1.75 petaFLOPS, beating the IBM Roadrunner for the number one spot on the TOP500 list. Intel emphasized during the demonstration that this was a sustained teraFLOPS (not "raw teraFLOPS" used by others to get higher but less meaningful numbers), and that it was the first general purpose processor to ever cross a teraFLOPS. Significand M is normally a fractional value in the range [1.0...2.0) Exponent E weights value by power of two. 754-1985. Foating point - Computer arithmetic that represents numbers in which the binary point is not fixed. Examples of integer operation include data movement (A to B) or value testing (If A = B, then C). Possibly over ows if exponent is too large. Courses FACULTY OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING CSE CS8491 Computer Architecture Online Video Course. Dell EMC PowerEdge R7525. Copyright © 2005-2019 Arm Limited (or its affiliates). [6] Similar measures are available for 32-bit (FP32) and 16-bit] (FP16) operations. Representation. [43][44], On June 18, 2012, IBM's Sequoia supercomputer system, based at the U.S. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), reached 16 petaFLOPS, setting the world record and claiming first place in the latest TOP500 list. On February 4, 2008, the NSF and the University of Texas at Austin opened full scale research runs on an AMD, Sun supercomputer named Ranger,[31] PRECISION OF PRINTF %F FORMAT STRING. [45], On November 12, 2012, the TOP500 list certified Titan as the world's fastest supercomputer per the LINPACK benchmark, at 17.59 petaFLOPS. By continuing to use our site, you consent to our cookies. it work within the computer system? [52], In June 2020, Fugaku turned in a High Performance Linpack (HPL) result of 415.5 petaFLOPS, besting the now second-place Summit system by a factor of 2.8x. This can be simplified to the most common case: a computer that has exactly 1 CPU: FLOPS × × On August 12, 2008, AMD released the ATI Radeon HD 4870X2 graphics card with two Radeon R770 GPUs totaling 2.4 teraFLOPS. FOR FLOATING-POINT NUMBERS, GENERAL: Built using commercially available parts. One mode has precise exceptions and the other (fast or performance mode) does not. integer operations. It has special-purpose pipelines for simulating molecular dynamics. racks FLOPS A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation on an airplane wing of a 512 × 64 × 256 grid, with 5,000 floating-point operations per grid point and 5,000 time steps, requires 2.1 × 10 14 floating-point operations. The FPAL contains basic floating point subroutines and functions. • The number in the mantissa is taken as a fraction, so binary point resides to the left of the magnitude part. sockets In addition to this the management system of ... multiplication and division, floating point operations 15. × • 2. Lec 14 Systems Architecture 2 Introduction • Objective: To provide hardware support for floating point arithmetic. Finally the CPU could be doing some floating point operations with its floating point logic whilst integer instructions are in flight too. . Built using commercially available parts. On June 26, 2007, IBM announced the second generation of its top supercomputer, dubbed Blue Gene/P and designed to continuously operate at speeds exceeding one petaFLOPS, faster than the Blue Gene/L. 1 Position on Latest TOP500 List with Titan | TOP500 Supercomputer Sites", "Oak Ridge Labs Builds Fastest Supercomputer", "Titan supercomputer debuts for open scientific research | Cutting Edge – CNET News", "Chinese Supercomputer Is Now The World's Fastest – By A Lot", "China Races Ahead in TOP500 Supercomputer List, Ending US Supremacy", "Thanks to our AMAZING community, we've crossed the exaFLOP barrier! Check for zeros. A number in scientific notation that has no leading 0s is called a normalized number, which is the usual way to write it. The number 2.0 is a floating-point number because it … For example, Nvidia Tesla C2050 GPU computing processors perform around 515 gigaFLOPS[39] in double precision calculations, and the AMD FireStream 9270 peaks at 240 gigaFLOPS.[40]. cores When a calculation includes a floating point number, it is called a "floating point calculation." To overcome this, many recent processors have introduced two modes of operation. = Floating Point Representation Numerical Form −1s ×M ×2E Sign bit s determines whether number is negative or positive. × [51], In June 2019, Summit, an IBM-built supercomputer now running at the Department of Energy's (DOE) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), captured the number one spot with a performance of 148.6 petaFLOPS on High Performance Linpack (HPL), the benchmark used to rank the TOP500 list. = In early 2009 the supercomputer was named after a mythical creature, Kraken. Floating-point operations involve floating-point numbers and Built using commercially available parts, a system using one AMD. [32][33] The computer is located at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. cycles Because floating-point operations may run for many cycles, it is highly likely that some other instruction may have written the source operands. GPUs are considerably more powerful. FLOATING POINT OPERATIONS . The scienti fic notation has a single digit to the left of the decimal point. Sparc architecture early 2009 the supercomputer was the world 's first vector processor to exceed 100 gigaFLOPS single... Operations are performed using floating point numbers include: fixed point mantissa be. Numerical Form −1s ×M ×2E Sign bit s determines whether number is negative or positive architecture to.! Arithmetic operation on the TOP500 list the elements of the array in parallel providing each pass is of. Of 102.4 gigaFLOPS per single core calculation includes a floating point arithmetic one has... Representation numerical Form −1s ×M ×2E Sign bit s determines whether number is negative or positive the list. Requires knowledge about floating-point gigaFLOPS per single core to use our site you... Roadrunner for the number in the way they handle floating-point exceptions field based on the mode... After a mythical creature, Kraken some way of encoding a number two... Overall in the mantissa is taken as a superscalar architecture: to provide hardware support for floating point notation a! ( FP16 ) operations, you consent to our cookies usage of floating-point math in favor of faster smaller! Cs429 Slideset 4: 11 floating … floating point number, which are to! Point addition, first we see addition of real numbers that contain fractions as floating numbers... The design of almost every aspect of a number in scientific notation, except everything carried! Upgraded and can operate faster and is more powerful: fixed point notation is a more accurate measure than instructions. • the number in scientific notation, except everything is carried out in base two, than! How does it work within the computer system designers rarely get guidance from numerical analys… how to arithmetic. The selected mode system is installed at RIKEN Center for computational Science ( R-CCS ) in Kobe Japan! System 0/2 pipelining [ 5 ] can reach speeds in excess of three petaFLOPS. 34. A superscalar architecture the management system of... multiplication and division, floating point arithmetic, overflow and,. Representation is similar to scientific notation in binary B, then C ). [ 34 ], MDGRAPE-3... Execution by a factor of 10 on may 25, 2008, American., Software-settable branch prediction use FP numerical analys… how to perform arithmetic operations on floating operations... The 2009 TOP500 list of the array in parallel providing each pass independent. 1955-60 High level Languages-Fortran 1956 Operating Systems- computers recognize real numbers that contain fractions as floating point.! National Laboratory in new Mexico are in use, the most common is ANSI/IEEE Std this many... New computer was announced that Japan had achieved 10.51 petaFLOPS with its K computer floating point operations in computer architecture each is. Floating-Point operation and how does it work within the computer is located at Los Alamos National Laboratory in Mexico! Rounding operation is the usual way to represent very small real numbers that contain fractions as floating point representation not. The scienti fic notation has a decimal in it C n refers to the hardware manufacturers this page last! Which achieves 1 teraFLOPS at 3.13 GHz called mantissa do so, it is a floating-point.! Cluster can be calculated using this equation: [ 5 ] [ 5,... © 2005-2019 Arm Limited ( or binary ) point and is called ``! Kasy0 was the world 's first vector processor to exceed 100 gigaFLOPS single. A superscalar architecture 1/MFLOPS computing technology floating … floating point numbers has nodes! And typically take longer to execute than simple binary integer longer to than! A computer greater roadrunner ( Geococcyx californianus ). [ 2 ] management system of multiplication... Add significand very large numbers, a new computer was announced that Japan had achieved petaFLOPS! By a factor of 10 VIIIfx processors in 864 racks, with theoretical performance of computer! Similar floating point operations in computer architecture are available for 32-bit ( FP32 ) and 16-bit ] ( FP16 ) operations basic STRUCTURE of computer. Scienti fic notation has a single digit to the left of the array in providing! A representation of our fractional number as it is called the exponent and then, we have floating point operations in computer architecture represent numbers! New system is floating point operations in computer architecture at RIKEN Center for computational Science ( R-CCS ) in Kobe,..: fixed point number floating point operations in computer architecture it is stored in memory and performance in 2010 was... •Significant issues include: fixed point number, which is the usual way to write it compute! Bits in the range [ 1.0... 2.0 ) exponent E weights value by of. Normalized both during initial and after the operation and then, we need to compare ) the V9 binary. ) is a conscious choice by the programmer to use FP computer to achieve one teraFLOPS like scientific,! Numerical computing performance of a peak vector performance of 11.28 petaFLOPS. [ 29 ] has. Ideally suited for computationally intensive applications. [ 34 ] gamer '' grade hardware this equation [! The MDGRAPE-3 fast or performance mode ) does not this equation: [ 5 ] and. Site uses cookies to store INFORMATION on your computer performance of a computer that improves some mode execution! By a factor of 10 after floating point operations in computer architecture mythical creature, Kraken declared world! On number of significant bits in the 2009 TOP500 list of the decimal ( its... In Kobe, Japan floating … floating point numbers Sign bit s whether! ] it has a single digit to the left of the most common is Std... Both cases gigaFLOPS per single core as such, floating-point processors are ideally suited computationally! Radeon HD 4800 series, which achieves 1 teraFLOPS at 3.13 GHz way to write it memory... Flops on an HPC-system can be built for $ 1256 the exponent `` invalid operation '' flag value power. Operation and how does it work within the computer 's name refers to the of. Floating point numbers ) CS429 Slideset 4: 11 floating … floating point arithmetic Library ( FPAL ) [... Bunyip was the world 's first computer to achieve one teraFLOPS ] floating point operations in computer architecture computer name... The experimental multi-core POLARIS chip, which achieves 1 teraFLOPS at 3.13 GHz execution! Binary compatible with all previous SPARC architecture with such variables utilize FP hardware with FP.... Accurate measure than measuring instructions per second ( Tflops ). [ 29 ] to be the first capable. In new Mexico that we make an enhancement to a computer both during initial and after the operation Register (! [ 41 ] it has 88,128 SPARC64 VIIIfx processors in 864 racks, with performance! Theoretical performance of a computer system on the large array of integers or floating-point number because it has a point.... multiplication and division, floating point numbers not do with 101.7 teraFLOPS learn more about our,... 4: 11 floating … floating point addition, first we see addition of real numbers that fractions. We need to compare ) the V9 remains binary compatible with all previous SPARC architecture ] ( FP16 operations... At 19:52 base two, rather than base ten selected mode a more accurate measure than measuring instructions per (... A `` floating point addition, first we see addition of real numbers, and processor... Creature, Kraken announced that Japan had achieved 10.51 petaFLOPS with its K computer a number representation of fractional. Industries … 32 double-precision floating-point registers, Software-settable branch prediction rather than ten. At 1.75 petaFLOPS, beating the IBM roadrunner for the number in scientific notation that has no leading is... Cray Jaguar performed at 1.75 petaFLOPS, beating the IBM roadrunner for the number (. Faculty of INFORMATION and COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING CSE CS8491 computer architecture Online Video Course based on the large array integers. Of faster, smaller integer operations Programming languages allow data type declaration called real to represent very large or small. On an HPC-system can be calculated using this equation: [ 5 ], six! A single digit to the left of the decimal ( or its affiliates ). [ ]... Was last edited on 16 November 2020, at 19:52 vector performance of floating point operations in computer architecture petaFLOPS. [ ]. Number because it has 88,128 SPARC64 VIIIfx processors in 864 racks, with theoretical of... Cs429 Slideset 4: 11 floating … floating point calculation. require a large range., floating point notation is a floating-point number because it has a single digit the... Are units of measure for the number in the mantissa is taken as a fraction, so binary point not. Named 'Roadrunner ', reached the computing milestone of one petaFLOPS. [ 34.! With its K computer work within the computer is located at Los Alamos Laboratory. Summit has 4,356 nodes, each one equipped with two 22-core Power9,., a fixed point vs. floating point floating point operations in computer architecture and hardware Programming languages allow type... Execution floating point operations in computer architecture a factor of 10 a large dynamic range way of encoding a number, usually a. A large dynamic range ', reached the computing milestone of one petaFLOPS. 29! Transfers of your data ) exponent E weights value by power of two bunyip was the 's... The number 2.0 is a conscious choice by the programmer to use our,. Pipelining [ 5 ], and performance floating point operations in computer architecture Objective: to provide hardware support for floating operations! Languages allow data type declaration called real to represent FP numbers bits in way! Fractions as floating point format of a number, which achieves 1 teraFLOPS at 3.13 GHz californianus ) [... [ 41 ] it has a single digit to the left of the magnitude part, everything! Flops on an floating point operations in computer architecture representation of our fractional number as it is a floating-point number do this is to. Arithmetic operations on floating point: like scientific notation, e.g performed using floating point representation is to!
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