Informal norms dictate appropriate behaviors without the need for written rules. 8%–10% of multiple-choice score. AP Human Geography Human Geography. The more we study another culture, the better we become at understanding our own. Discoveries make known previously unknown but existing aspects of reality. People learn informal norms through observation, imitation, and general socialization. However, if you tried to launch into an in-depth discussion on the classical Greek play Antigone, few members of U.S. society today would be familiar with it. Introduction to Human Geography by R. Adam Dastrup, MA, GISP is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Thousands of subcultures exist within the United States. At the heart of ethnocentrism is the failure to think using different references or to assume certain opinions. When people go against a society’s values, they are punished. Eventually, as people learn more about a culture, they recover from culture shock. [SC12] 4. To clarify, a culture represents the beliefs and practices of a group, while society represents the people who share those beliefs and practices. Alcoholics Anonymous offers support to those suffering from alcoholism. By the 1920s, environmental determinism was already under attack by people such as Carl Sauer (at the University of California, Berkeley). Ethnocentrism Can Be Harmful. Rarely do we physically embrace or even touch the individual. Sure enough, he finished last, to his mortification. Sociologically, we examine in what situation and context certain behavior is expected, and in which situations perhaps it is not. Education is an essential concept in the United States because it is valued. Inventions result when something new is formed from existing objects or concepts—when things are put together in an entirely new manner. Differences in language can be a cause for unrest, and may require resolution by the central government. Sauer, however, did not fully develop an explanation of what “culture” is. Even the most culturally relativist people from egalitarian societies — ones in which women have political rights and control over their own bodies — would question whether the widespread practice of female genital mutilation in countries such as Ethiopia and Sudan should be accepted as a part of cultural tradition. Violating them can have serious consequences. The concept of “manifest destiny” was used similarly to justify the expansion of the United States from the Atlantic to Pacific shores, at the expense of indigenous people. In the United States, people tend to view marriage as a choice between two people, based on mutual feelings of love. … Environmental determinism argues that both general features and regional variations of human cultures and societies are determined by the physical and biological forms that make up the earth’s many natural landscapes. For example, while all cultures have language, analysis of particular language structures and conversational etiquette reveal tremendous differences. This is where the term symbolic comes into play. Generally, we do not consider all of the intricacies of the rules of behavior. ... AP Human Geography - Folk and Popular Culture Ch. We may simply say, “Hello!” and ask, “How was your weekend?” or some other trivial question meant to be a friendly greeting. Gravity. Even so, his efforts to correct the inherent flaws associated with “environmental determinism” significantly strengthened the discipline of geography, and cultural geography in particular. Unlike high culture, popular culture is known and accessible to most people. Putting aside ethnocentrism may never occur, but learning about diversities in other cultures is the first step in understanding and controlling ethnocentric reactions. Parker Spradley 23,036 views. European colonizers often viewed the people in the lands they colonized as uncultured savages who needed European governance, dress, religion, and other cultural practices. Material culture refers to the objects or belongings of a group of people. We have since come to refer to this integration of international trade and finance markets as globalization. The first, and perhaps most crucial, elements of culture we will discuss are its values and beliefs. Subject. Undergraduate 1. Most people do not commit even benign breaches of informal norms. Cultural universals are patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies. Living up to a culture’s values can be difficult. For example, an industrial nation may think that the lifestyle of the Aboriginal natives of Australia is stress-free when, in fact, their stresses come in the form of starvation, the threat of animal attack or serious injuries suffered far away from camp and help. Mathematics, medicine, ethnocentrism is underway to be. Women strive for equality in a male-dominated society. Those who believe in symbolic interactionism perceive culture as highly dynamic and fluid, as it is dependent on how meaning is interpreted and how individuals interact when conveying these meanings. These rules and expectations have meaning, and there are ways in which you may violate this negotiation. Example Question #501 : Ap Human Geography. Women were not allowed to vote in the United States until 1920. When the pace of innovation increases, it can lead to generation gaps. Ethnocentrism's central problem is misunderstanding. In other words, how people view marriage depends mostly on what they have been taught. Semple and Huntington wanted nothing more than to define the boundaries of their discipline and to explain the differences in “cultures” and “places” throughout the world. For example, an industrial nation may think that the lifestyle of the Aboriginal natives of Australia is stress-free when, in fact, their stresses come in the form of starvation, the threat of animal attack or serious injuries suffered far away from camp and help. Values portray an ideal culture; the standards society would like to embrace and live up to. Sanctions are a form of social control, a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms. However, technology-enabled a workaround such as texting, which enables quiet communication and has surpassed phoning as the leading way to meet today’s highly valued ability to stay in touch anywhere, everywhere. Conflict theorists believe that a society’s system of material production affects the rest of the culture. Children represent innocence and purity, while a youthful adult appearance signifies sexuality. Sometimes the differences between cultures are not nearly as significant as the differences inside cultures. Examples are when the US tried to assimilate the indigenous people. Ethnocentrism definition, the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture. In the United States, the majority of peopl… However, more often, mores are judged and guarded by public sentiment (an informal norm). The infrastructure of the United States, built a hundred years ago or more, is having trouble supporting today’s more densely populated and fast-paced life. Utilizing social control approaches pushes most people to conform to societal rules, regardless of whether authority figures (such as law enforcement) are present. The culture of education—including material culture such as classrooms, textbooks, libraries, dormitories—supports the emphasis placed on the value of educating a society’s members. When this kind of diffusion occurs, material objects and ideas from one culture are introduced into another. People who have less power also have less ability to adapt to cultural change. The feminist movement is an example of ethnocentrism. However, ideal culture differs from real culture, the way society actually is, based on what occurs and exists. Spell. Unit 2: Population and Migration Patterns and Processes ... AP Human Geography Course and Exam Description Geographical Review 82 (2): 143-153. Consider the value that the United States places upon youth. To the contrary, he wanted to eliminate the application of personal biases when studying cultures (as in Mitchell, Don, Cultural Geography: A Critical Introduction). Carl Sauer was probably the most influential cultural geographer of the twentieth century. Moreover, though there are laws to punish drunk driving, there are few systems in place to prevent the crime. Access to television and the Internet has brought the lifestyles and values portrayed in U.S. sitcoms into homes around the globe. Simply put, Sauer regarded “culture” as a way of life. While globalization refers to the integration of markets, diffusion relates to a similar process in the integration of international cultures. During his time with the Inuit tribe, Barger learned to engage in cultural relativism. Unlike mores, folkways are norms without any moral underpinnings. AP Human Geo Chapter 3 Vocabualry Flashcards. The way cuisines vary across cultures fascinates many people. Conversely, someone from a traditional Kolkata family might be perplexed with the idea of romantic love as the foundation for marriage and lifelong commitment. Colonialism can be defined as cultural domination with enforced social change. It is wondrous, really, how this world is made up of so many different people belonging to different races or ethnicities. Living together, people form everyday habits and behaviors – from specific methods of childrearing to preferred techniques for obtaining food. However, all cultures also share common elements. In America, high culture also tends to be associated with wealth. People of all cultures experience life in varying ways. Many folkways are actions we take for granted. Murdock found that cultural universals often revolve around basic human survival, such as finding food, clothing, and shelter, or around shared human experiences, such as birth and death or illness and healing. Every object and action has a symbolic meaning, and language serves as a means for people to represent and communicate their interpretations of these meanings to others. A culture’s objects and ideas can cause not just generational but cultural gaps. The strongest mores are legally protected with laws or other formal norms. Sorting process of ap human geography they driven. In modern-day Paris, many people shop daily at outdoor markets to pick up what they need for their evening meal, buying cheese, meat, and vegetables from different specialty stalls. Discuss the contributions of Ravenstein to the study of human movement and migration. AP Human Geography Chapter 1 Aphumangeography with. The United States also has an individualistic culture, meaning people place a high value on individuality and independence. He taught social sciences at the Yale University. Culture is preserved through transmission from one generation to the next, but it also evolves through processes of innovation, discovery, and cultural diffusion. Geography. Geographers influenced by Semple and Huntington tended to describe and explain what they believed to be “superior” European culture (civilization) through the application of the theory of environmental determinism. Possible Answers: However, the tribal members congratulated him, saying, “You really tried!” In Barger’s own culture, he had learned to value victory. ... What is the difference between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism? People sanction certain behaviors by giving their support, approval, or permission, or by instilling formal actions of disapproval and nonsupport. They can even be shunned or banned from some groups. While we may like to consider ourselves individuals, we must acknowledge the impact of culture; we inherit thought language that shapes our perceptions and patterned behavior, including about issues of family and friends, and faith and politics. Human geographers attempting to engage in cultural relativism, then, may struggle to reconcile aspects of their own culture with aspects of a culture that they are studying. Almost every human behavior, from shopping to marriage to expressions of feelings, is learned. 1992. A business manager who drives away customers will likely be fired. Human Geography, unit 7 geography review - Seaford.k12.ny.us the central business district AP Human Geography Help Land Use » Models CBD. Shaped by this value, individuals spend millions of dollars each year on cosmetic products and surgeries to look young and beautiful. They indicate whether to shake hands or kiss on the cheek when greeting another person. When a person in the United States calls to get information about banking, insurance, or computer services, the person taking that call may be working in another country. One group was epitomized by Carl Sauer, who is seen by many as the father of modern cultural geography, and the other by Friedrich Ratzel, Ellen Churchill Semple, and Ellsworth Huntington, who sought to deterministically connect human behavior to the physical environment. The body modification community embraces aesthetic additions to the human body, such as tattoos, piercings, and certain forms of plastic surgery. A society describes a group of people who share a community and a culture. Includes examples. This application of environmental determinism, and Social Darwinism, eventually came to be more than a mere academic exercise because it was used to justify, or legitimize, the conquering of one people by another. So far, the examples in this chapter have often described how people are expected to behave in certain situations – for example, when buying food or boarding a bus. In some Middle Eastern cultures, it is common to stand close to others in conversation. Although there is no question that Sauer’s contributions to cultural geography are of great worth, some also criticize him for an anti-modern, anti-urban bias. Humans are social creatures. Xenocentrism is the opposite of ethnocentrism, and refers to the belief that another culture is superior to one’s own. Marital monogamy is valued, but many spouses engage in infidelity. However, Columbus’s discovery was new knowledge for Europeans, and it opened the way to changes in European culture, as well as to the cultures of the discovered lands. Student must return to apply their high dropout rate while. • Suburb AP Human Geography Models an example of a the model: AP HUMAN wedges, radiating out from example, an industrial zone because it is closer to visit “Walmart B” urban fringe of US CBD and tend to GEOGRAPHY REVIEW. Ethnocentrism can be so strong that when confronted with all of the differences of a new culture, one may experience disorientation and frustration, called culture shock. Friedrich Ratzel, a German geographer (American geographer, Ellen Churchill Semple was one of his students) argued that nation states are organic and therefore, must grow in order to survive. Sauer’s work is characterized by a focus on the material landscape tempered with an abiding interest in human ecology, and the damaging impacts of humans on the environment. Perhaps in a different culture the question would be more literal, and it may require a response. There were many people who thought of ethnocentrism. No better evidence of this freedom exists than the amount of cultural diversity within our society and around the world. Description. However, as they experience unanticipated differences from their own culture, their excitement gives way to discomfort and doubts about how to behave appropriately in the new situation. Religious differences, for example, can split people of the same culture. A simple gesture, such as hand-holding, carries significant symbolic differences across cultures. These material and nonmaterial aspects of culture can vary subtly from region to region. Example: an Italian could live in America and he speaks english in America but Italian to his relatives in Italy. He knew he would never hold his own against these experts. In this section, we'll go through the answer to a sample free-response question from the 2020 AP Human Geography Course and Exam Description. You can share a discussion of favorite football teams with a new coworker or comment on American Idol when making small talk in line at the grocery store. The act of dismissing any thought of evolution or change at the micro or macro levels is evidence of an ethnocentric perspective. Some informal norms are taught directly, while others are learned by observation, including observations of the consequences when someone else violates a norm. Shakespearean plays, considered pop culture when they were written, are now part of our society’s high culture. Beliefs are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. Moreover, new things are added to material culture every day, and they affect nonmaterial culture as well. Mores (mor-ays) are norms that embody the moral views and principles of a group. Functionalists also study culture in terms of values. This difference in cultural values came to light when people reacted to photos of former president George W. Bush holding hands with the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia in 2005. Moreover, an appreciation for another culture should not preclude individuals from studying it with a critical eye. Someone from a country where dog meat is standard fare might find it off-putting to see a dog in a French restaurant—not on the menu, but as a pet and patron’s companion. Values help shape a society by suggesting what is right and wrong, beautiful and ugly, sought, or avoided. At the core of conflict theory is the effect of economic production and materialism: dependence on technology in rich nations versus a lack of technology and education in emerging nations. 16. Ethnocentrism, as social scientists William Graham Sumner (1906) described the term, involves a belief or attitude that one’s own culture is better than all others. Cultures change when something new (say, railroads or smartphones) opens up new ways of living and when new ideas enter a culture (say, as a result of travel or globalization). In an ideal culture, there would be no traffic accidents, murders, poverty, or racial tension. Music, fashion, technology, and values—all are products of culture. Because culture is learned, it includes how people think and express themselves. While it is against the law to drive drunk, drinking is, for the most part, an acceptable social behavior. The mores of the U.S. school system require that a student’s writing be in the student’s own words or use special forms (such as quotation marks and a whole system of citation) for crediting other writers. Total Cards. In 1925, Sauer published The Morphology of Landscape. The term American exceptionalism was first used in 1831 by French political scientist Alexis de Tocqueville. Proponents of this theory conceptualize human interactions as a continuous process of deriving meaning from both objects in the environment and the actions of others. In the United States, it’s most likely filled with coffee, not Earl Grey tea, a favorite in England, or Yak Butter tea, a staple in Tibet. Data analysis at different scales (for example, global, national, local) How geographers define regions; On The Exam. Events considered high culture can be expensive and formal—attending a ballet, seeing a play, or listening to a live symphony performance. For example, cultures differ in their values about what kinds of physical closeness are appropriate in public. As a result, world markets became dominated by multinational companies in the 1980s, a new state of affairs at that time. ... A lot of religions use acculturation. Write. It is not a complete list. Those who experience culture shock may find that it subsides as they learn the new culture’s folkways and can move through their daily routines more smoothly. Social scientists use the term high culture to describe the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in the highest-class segments of a society. In this way, societies need culture to exist. For example, new foods such as potatoes and tomatoes transformed the European diet, and horses brought from Europe changed hunting practices of Native American tribes of the Great Plains. Laws are formal norms, but so are employee manuals, college entrance exam requirements, and “no running” signs at swimming pools. For a conflict theorist, culture is seen as reinforcing issues of “privilege” for certain groups based upon race, sex, class, and so on. AP Human Geography Syllabus 2015-2016: File Size: 291 kb: ... Friday: Ethnocentrism and Racism - Ethnocentrism and Racism (Notes) + Incredible Photos Of Parents From Around The World (Notes) ... + Hiking Utah County GIS Example + Mapping your World (Activity) In the context of human geography, please note that term terms state and country are synonymous and are used interchangeably. ... AP Human Geography Crash Course- Unit 6 - Duration: 7:55. [SC12] 3. Sometimes when people attempt to rectify feelings of ethnocentrism and develop cultural relativism, they swing too far to the other end of the spectrum. Click here to … Culture is always evolving. A boy who shoves an older woman aside to board the bus first may receive frowns or even a scolding from other passengers. Gay and lesbian couples have been denied the right to marry in some states. Sauer considered human impacts on the landscape to be a manifestation of culture. Is the Coronavirus Crisis Increasing America's Drug Overdoses? Color, language, culture, appearance, values― all these factors come together to group people based upon the aforementioned. Vocabulary words, Mr.Crider ... An early 20th century geographer from California that shaped the field of human geography by arguing that cultural landscapes should ... or through providing output to the same demographic group. Genetic drift. Cultural norms function to support the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in making choices. 12/02/2010. In each pair, one type of entertainment is considered highbrow and the other lowbrow. Frederick Jackson Turner, the American historian who eloquently described the westward expansion of the United States, and Sir Halford Mackinder, the British political scientist who developed the “Heartland Theory,” explained away the conquering of indigenous people by Europeans as perhaps regrettable, but nonetheless, natural and unavoidable (given the superiority of cultures spawned in the mid-latitude environs of Western Europe). Same-sex marriages are banned in most states, and polygamy—common in some cultures—is unthinkable to most Americans. Culture is comprised of all the practices, beliefs, and behaviors of a society. Do you prefer listening to opera or hip-hop music? Conflict theorists view social structure as inherently unequal, based on power differentials related to issues like class, gender, race, and age. This example is not something extreme that could lead to genocide or war, but it is a large enough gap between these cultures for people to see their way of eating as the natural or best way to typically eat their food. A boy who helps an elderly woman board a bus may receive a smile and a “thank you.” A business manager who raises profit margins may receive a quarterly bonus. Cars, airplanes, vacuum cleaners, lamps, radios, telephones, and televisions were all new inventions. Based on this assumption, fear may influence feelings about America's involvement in their behalf, especially in warfare. The consequences of violating this norm are severe and usually, result in expulsion. Created. Throughout his stay, Barger participated in caribou hunts, learned how to take shelter in winter storms, and sometimes went days with little or no food to share among tribal members. Do you read books of poetry or celebrity magazines? Therefore, a society’s cultural norms benefit some people but hurt others. A skeptical older generation sometimes dismisses technological gadgets that catch on quickly with one generation. For example, money is highly valued in the United States, so monetary crimes are punished. Created by. A subculture is just what it sounds like – a smaller cultural group within a broader culture; people of a subculture are part of the broader culture but also share a specific identity within a smaller group. Example: I prefer … Cultural relativism is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards rather than viewing it through the lens of one’s own culture. Although people are becoming aware of the consequences of overusing resources, the means to support changes take time to achieve. The term popular culture, also called pop-culture, refers to the pattern of cultural experiences and attitudes that exist in mainstream society. The sect’s formal norms clashed too severely to be tolerated by U.S. law, and in 2008, authorities raided the compound and removed more than two hundred women and children from the property. The concepts of political geography and the state are important to understand when we discuss centripetal and centrifugal forces, because they may affect the future of a country. Level. The British, in particular, were keen to pursue this line of research, but so, too, were the Germans, Americans, and French. What are the rules when you pass an acquaintance at school, work, in the grocery store, or in the mall? Formal norms are the most specific and clearly stated of the various types of norms, and they are the most strictly enforced. kwongg. We began this chapter by asking what culture is. Even so, how that family unit is defined and how it functions vary. The integration of world markets and technological advances of the last decades have allowed for greater exchange between cultures through the processes of globalization and diffusion. Initially, from Indiana, Barger hesitated when invited to join a local snowshoe race. However, what do they mean? It is easy to value good health, but it is hard to quit smoking. People safeguard valuable possessions and install anti-theft devices to protect homes and cars. Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. In many Asian cultures, for example, family members from all generations commonly live together in one household. Match. In everyday conversation, people rarely distinguish between the terms culture and society, but the terms have slightly different meanings, and the distinction is important to a geographer. Today, many U.S. companies set up offices in other nations where the costs of resources and labor are cheaper. Material culture tends to diffuse more quickly than nonmaterial culture; technology can spread through society in a matter of months, but it can take generations for the ideas and beliefs of society to change. Rising fuel prices, increased air pollution, and traffic jams are all symptoms of culture lag. In the United States, for instance, murder is considered immoral, and it is punishable by law (a formal norm). However, each culture may view the ceremonies quite differently. They are behaviors worked out and agreed upon in order to suit and serve the most people. Consider the introduction of modern communication technology, such as mobile phones and smartphones. A more modern example of cultural imperialism may include the work of international aid agencies who introduce agricultural methods and plant species from developed countries while overlooking indigenous varieties and agricultural approaches that are better suited to the particular region. Nations would not exist if people did not coexist culturally. Innovation refers to an object or concept’s initial appearance in society – it is innovative because it is markedly new. 60 terms. Values also vary from culture to culture. Norms may be further classified as either mores or folkways. At the heart of ethnocentrism is the failure to think using different references or to assume certain opinions. Perhaps the Chicago traveler was initially captivated with Montana’s quiet beauty, and the Chinese student was initially excited to see a U.S.-style classroom firsthand. Use the gravity model to predict migration and evaluate its efficiency and usefulness. Perhaps the greatest challenge for geographers and other social scientists studying different cultures is the matter of keeping a perspective. Culture are linked, and even adapt to, new values and conscious. State provided a living thing, was often accompanied by a severe cultural imperialism relationships are form! 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