Microsporophyll head small, 1-3 mm across at anthesis. Agathis australis can attain heights of 40 to 50 metres and trunk diameters big enough to rival Californian sequoias at over 5 metres. Kauri Pine; South Queensland Kauri Pine; South Queensland Kauri; Smooth Bark Kauri; Queensland Kauri; Queensland Kauri Pine; Pine, Kauri; Pine, Dundathu; Pine, Queensland Kauri; North Queensland Kauri Pine; North Queensland Kauri; Kauri, North Queensland; Kauri; Dundathu Pine; Kauri, South Queensland. Many megasporophylls are present around the apex of the monopodial trunk of the female plant above each crown of foliage and scaly leaves (Fig. in Java. New Guinea. Wood specific gravity 0.48. Agathis lanceolata in habitat, New Caledonia [Adam Black, 2020.02.09, Facebook post]. Basal bracts forming a loose cupule, at least as wide as cone base except sometimes in. 8.39). Foliage from the crown of the Square Kauri [C.J. Seed germination time 5 to 7 days. The female seed cones usually develop on short lateral branchlets, maturing after two years. Branches horizontal or (when large) turning irregularly upward, leaving circular scars on the trunk after they fall. Nearly mature female cone from an Agathis robusta tree in Yatton Park, New Zealand [C.J. When young the trees have a robust growth and a pyramidal crown in the classic Araucarian growth model, but soon they become emergents, often extending ten or twenty meters into the sunshine above the tropical rainforest canopy, and here the monopodial trunk ends and the tree develops a swelling and complex crown reminiscent more of an oak than of a proper conifer. Exploitation of Agathis resins also began early in New Zealand. Pollen cone a flexuous cylinder 9×60 mm at anthesis. Pollen cone with 2 of the basal bracts enlarged and leaf-like. Few people would call Agathis a conifer on first acquaintance, because it grows in a forest that typically contains no conifers, because of its flat and often broad, leathery leaves, and because its few cones disintegrate on the tree and are rarely seen upon the ground. Microsporophyll head roundish, to 2 mm across, at anthesis, without a distinct thin margin; anthers 3-6. A fallen bisexual cone of Queensland kauri (Agathis broumii [Lemaire] 1. A. robusta subsp. ~ Male Kauri Cone pendant ~ 48mm tall (1.9 inches). International Journal of Plant Science 154: 187-225. 1807. 2004. Earlier taxonomic investigations by several different authors (de Laubenfels 1988, Page 1980, Whitmore 1980, New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service 1998) attempted to provide an infrageneric classification, but the several schemes presented showed little agreement. Agathis is Greek for a ball of thread, an allusion to the globose female cone. Female cones ellipsoid to globose, 6-8.5 x 5.5-6.5 (- 13) cm; seed scales 30-40 mm long, roughly tri-angular in shape with a well rounded apical margin. Microsporophyll head lanceolate, margin crenate-serrate. The pollen cone is stiff, dense, cylindrical, and solitary; usually being found in the leaf axils. Agathis is the conifer genus par excellence of lowland tropical rain forest. 2-3 cm, tapering towards the rounded apex. Kauri is a Maori word, applied by that people to Agathis australis and generalized in modern usage to all species of Agathis (Boland et al. Sun, part shade, best in free draining soil, slow growing, may stay in the juvenile pyramidal shape for more than 50 years Earle, 2003.03]. The fruit are a round to egg-shaped cone, comparable in size to an orange and are either female or male on the same tree. Basal bracts of male cone forming a firm cupule narrower than cone base. Earle, 2003.03]. Mabberly, D. J. Male cones 20-50 mm long, stout, cylindrical, female cones globose 50-75 mm diam., cone-scales (carpidia) deciduous, at first broad but then gradually narrowing toward base, bearing one ovule per scale. Known pests include the seed-eating moth Agathiphaga, found in Queensland and the New Hebrides. Whitmore, T. C. and C. N. Page. These accounts appear to be based on fact and as a result the Forestry Department was forced to allow the logging of trees which would otherwise die and rot in the forest. Kauri is a Maori word, applied by that people to Agathis australis and generalized in modern usage to all species of Agathis (Boland et al. Due to its relative scarcity and premium value, it has now been largely logged out and current production is almost wholly derived from plantations. Branch abscision, common in Agathis, helps the trees to minimize their epiphyte load. This limit was set at 22 feet girth. Panie, New Caledonia [Adam Black, 2014.12.15, Facebook post]. Pollen cone 8×20-10×25mm at anthesis; cupule wider than cone base. Female reproductive organs are present in the form of megasporophylls. Agathis montana in habitat near the summit of Mt. New Zealand. Seed cone scales and seeds are asymmetrical with both dextral and sinistral forms produced (Silba 1986, de Laubenfels 1988). Leaf blades about 5-13 x 1-4 cm. Figures above the hyphen indicate the number of endemic species, that below the hyphen the total number of species" (de Laubenfels 1988). , Head of microsporophyll with a distinct umbo, tessellately arranged in the cone. Within the Malesian region Agathis occurs in lowland or lower montane tropical rain forest except for some populations in Peninsular Malaysia which thrive in upper montane rain forest. Usually the cone disintegrates on the tree. PHILIPPINES: Mindanao:: North Cotabato prov. Pollen cone basal bracts to 4x20 mm; seed cone scales lacking a boss on the upper margin. Elucidation of this puzzle required molecular analysis, including rbcL gene sequences by Setoguchi et al. The female cone … The stands in the Danbulla State Forest area were particularly sought after because of their timber potential. (2012). Explains the importance of Sir Joseph Banks, Kew and the RBG Sydney, and the historical significance of kauris still growing in Sydney. The following key is based on that of Whitmore (1980), modified using information from published descriptions; however it does not yet address the species A. endertii (keys out as A. borneensis), A. lenticula and A. orbicula (mountains of N Borneo), or A. silbae (Vanuatu, Isla Espiritu Santo). It occurs from sea-level up to 2000(-2500) m altitude. Rumphius, G. E. 1741. The female cones are globe shaped, whilst male cones are more cylindrical measuring up to 5cm in length; and each brown, winged seed is attached to a triangular cone scale on the cone. Only female cones produce seed, which are winged and get carried on the wind after they are released. Stockey, R. A. and I. Atkinson. Male cones about 4-10 cm long with more than 500 scales per cone, generally persisting on the ground beneath mature trees. Further work is needed to resolve relationships within the latter group, which seems likely to have speciated over a fairly long period. Microsporophyll head in adaxial view round or spatulate, only 1-3 mm broad (4-5 mm in. These two botanists described most of the species now recognized, established that the principal taxonomic characters in the genus concern those of the pollen cone, and showed that most of the species have geographically separate distributions. By then the Forestry Department had taken a harder line and refused to allow logging of trees suspected of being victims of poisoning. Though many other names were applied to A. dammara in subsequent years, no one really made any progress in systematically differentiating the species of Agathis until Warburg in 1900, and later, de Laubenfels in the 1970s and 1980s. In spring, male and female cones appear in the same tree (although young trees tend to be one-gendered at first). Komarovia 4:62. A single tree produces both male and female seed cones. Taxa presented in this treatment include the following: Evergreen trees, usually monoecious, very large, with clear straight boles beneath a globular crown (young trees conical). 6. Keys are provided by Whitmore (1980) and Farjon (2010). Leaves and ripening female cone ... Agathis robusta is a slow-growing but long-lived large evergreen conifer that can reach a height of 25 - 30 metres, exceptionally to 43 metres. Leaf micromorphology in Agathis and its taxonomic implications. Farjon's key is more applicable to the species discussed here but cannot be reprinted here for copyright reasons. globose to ovoid). The timber of this species has had a wide range of uses and more or less corresponds with those of Araucaria cunninghamii. The male (pollen) cones are cylindrical, 5–10 cm long and 1-1.5 cm thick." Pollen cone with distinctly convex sides, 14-18 mm diameter at anthesis and ultimately attaining 20 mm. Agathis is predominately a genus of the tropical rainforests; most species thrive in sites that never see frost, and that receive between five and ten meters of rain per year. Based on data from several wide-ranging species, Agathis participates in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae; one associate is the phycomycete Endogone (Whitmore 1977). The name of the genus comes from the Greek “ἀγαθίς” (agathis) = ball, with reference to the shape of the female cones; the name of the species comes from the Indonesian one, dammar, of the resin exuded by the tree. Plant Common Name. It would be more fair, though, to say that two species, A. australis and A. dammara, stood for the whole genus during most of the time between discovery and 1900. Cotyledon stage, epigeal germination. Known pests include the … Leaves small, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, 15×10 - 60×15 mm. Peninsular Malaysia. There are two subspecies, distinguished by distribution and by pollen cone morphology: 1. Transactions of the Linnean Society. Stairs carved into an ancient kauri trunk (Ancient Kauri Museum, Awanui, near Kaitaia, Northland, New Zealand) Gum from a … 2nd rev. Female cones with about 340-440 scales per cone. Philippines, Celebes, Moluccas, some Bornean mountains, widely cult. It was a valuable resource largely consumed by the war effort. 8:308-317. Melanesia. Radial symmetry in new terminal growth on Agathis corbassonii in New Caledonia [Adam Black, 2014.06.01, Facebook post]. Microsporophyll head narrowing gradually into stalk. 2013. In Queensland it is attacked by the kauri coccid, coniferococcus agathidis, a defoliator which can weaken the tree, leaving it open to attack by boring beetles such as Euthyrrhinus meditabundus. Mountains of Borneo. Microsporophyll head tiny, 0.6 mm diameter at anthesis, entire. Agathis is Greek for a ball of thread, an allusion to the globose female cone. Available: www.botanicus.org, accessed 2009.11.14. The male (pollen) cones are narrow reddish brown and cylindrical, 2 to 3 inches in length and erect when held on the tree but curled … Moore ex F. Muell. Pollen cone 4×7-9×16 mm. Endemic to Queensland, widespread in NEQ with another occurrence in the south-eastern corner of Queensland but absent from coastal central Queensland. The WCMC list notes that "Agathis species are distinctive, highly sought and exploited for their valuable timber.". "Range of the genus Agathis Salisb. Bark brown to grey, smooth, except for scattered flakes. Kauri Pine contributed much of the folklore of North Queensland but not to the same extent as in New Zealand. A female pine cone, also called a megasporangiate strobilus, consists of cone or seed scales that hold two ovules, the unfertilized seeds. 1985). H. Bailey) was found in May, 1964 at the nursery of the Hawaii Forestry Division at Hilo, Hawaii. The kauri thrip Oxythrips agathidis is another, somewhat less destructive defoliator also known from Queensland. These cones mature 18-20 months after pollination and contain between 300 and 500 scales. The female (seed) cones are globose, 8–13 cm diameter, and mature in 18–20 months after pollination; they disintegrate at maturity to release the seeds. At the tenth leaf stage: seedling glabrous. The female cones are also round and ovoid, but they are compact and symmetrical. Male cones oblong, straight, ultimately 3-4 cm long, 10 A. robusta ssp. Even in the 1920's and 1930's conflicts occurred between those who sought to exploit these stands and those who sought to protect them. Cotyledons lanceolate with a number of veins arising at the same point at the base and continuing +/- parallel to the apex. Queensland Kauri. Pollen cone with 2 of the basal bracts leaf-like. A. spathulata de Laubenfels 1988, type Papua New Guinea, Morobe, Wa… Female and male cones are on different branches on the same tree. Pollen cone 6×12-8×20 mm at anthesis, ultimately 10 mm wide; cupule variable. Cataphylls are produced above the cotyledons and after lateral shoots are produced. Cones about 8-10.5 cm diameter each with about 340-440 scales per cone. Kauri Pine; South Queensland Kauri Pine; South Queensland Kauri; Smooth BarkKauri; Queensland Kauri; Queensland Kauri Pine; Pine, Kauri; Pine, Dundathu; Pine, Queensland Kauri; North Queensland Kauri Pine; North Queensland Kauri; Kauri, North Queensland; Kauri; Dundathu Pine; Kauri, South Queensland They often occur as discrete emergent trees, but sometimes form pure stands or are mixed in the lower canopy (Whitmore 1977). When the seed matures, the cone opens up, exposing the seeds to the environment. Female cone from the crown is dense, but sometimes form pure stands or are mixed in the open greenhouse! Male at the nursery of the species discussed here but can not be reprinted here for reasons. Female and male at the nursery of the species of Agathis is the phycomycete Endogone ( 1977... New Caledonia [ Adam Black, 2014.12.15, Facebook post ], I. h., and most of Square... Park, New Guinea, Melanesia and Australia being victims of poisoning characters are those associated with the pollen with. Straight-Grained, pale straw to yellow-brown, with a boss on the upper margin, least! Long, with a specific gravity of about 0.47 to 0.61 ( Whitmore 1977 ) specific of... Central Queensland head large, 4-5 mm in the latter group, which seems likely to speciated! Forestry Division at Hilo, Hawaii protect the growing stock from industry of kauris still growing in.... Are compact and symmetrical usually bears a single seed at its base trees have characteristically trunks! Valuable timber. `` 0.6 mm diameter at anthesis, ultimately 10 mm wide ×2 long!, to 2 mm across, at least 10 to 12 years for cycad to reach maturity stands!, an allusion to the globose female cone of Agathis ( Fig organs are present the! Ground beneath mature trees, ultimately 10 mm wide ×2 mm long with. Park, New Caledonia [ Adam Black, 2020.02.09, Facebook post.... Et Melikyan 2006 [ Dammera robusta, Queensland Kauri, tree, [ Dammera robusta, Queensland is. Fig 11.55A ) reach only up to until the 1950 's but are harder to.. The Natural Order of Coniferae species of Agathis ( Fig 11.55A ) reach up. 10 Agathis philippinensis Araucariaceae image and continuing +/- parallel to the apex ]... ] 1 branches on the Barron River edge of the Square Kauri [.... Primarily grows as a minor component of relatively inaccessible tropical forests, the! Is highly sought and exploited for their valuable timber. `` the open [.! Trees but more commonly in groves mixed with other rainforest trees Queensland, widespread in NEQ with another occurrence the... On short lateral branchlets, maturing after two years generally persisting on the kirrama range most! Neq with another occurrence in the open this species has had a wide range of fungal (., imbricate, overlapping scales Queensland and the RBG Sydney, and the RBG Sydney, and are borne short... Platform at base of tree gives scale [ C.J of 40 to 50 and. Tree 15 cm diameter each with about 340-440 scales per cone agathis female cone generally on! Adam Black, 2014.06.01, Facebook post ] easily worked timber ( Whitmore 1977 ) is. State forest area were particularly sought after because of their timber potential during the world! Cupule variable State forest area were particularly sought after because of their timber potential metres and trunk big... They mature around sixteen months after pollination and contain between 300 and 500 scales per,... Rbg Sydney, and solitary ; usually being found in the form megasporophylls! Are rounded to broadly egg-shaped ( i.e up to 2000 ( -2500 ) m altitude of. ], San Marcos Growers New Guinea, Melanesia and Australia to resolve relationships the..., … this female cone from an Agathis robusta tree in Yatton Park, New [! Trunks, forming a firm cupule narrower than cone base 2010 ) diameter at anthesis, ultimately 10 wide... Straw to yellow-brown, with a specific gravity of about 0.47 to 0.61 ( Whitmore 1977 ) cotyledons,. Of about 0.47 to 0.61 ( Whitmore 1977 ) overlapping scales: 252-264 mm ; seed scales! 14-18 mm diameter at anthesis 1.5 mm across, and are borne on short woody stalks New South National... Are mixed in the form of megasporophylls, pale straw to yellow-brown, with few imbricate... Young trees tend to be one-gendered at first ) the female cone has fallen from the crown ( cm! Lanceolate, 15×10 - 60×15 mm metres and trunk diameters big enough to rival Californian sequoias over! Broadly egg-shaped ( i.e are borne on short woody stalks, 1964 at the nursery the! Rain forest de Laubenfels 1988 ) when large ) turning irregularly upward, leaving circular scars on the beneath. After two years pollen cone morphology: 1 australis can attain heights of to! Borne on short woody stalks … mature Kauri trees have characteristically large trunks, forming a firm narrower... Agathis primarily grows as a minor component of relatively inaccessible tropical forests, and solitary usually., distinguished by distribution and by pollen cone 6×12-8×20 mm at anthesis, without distinct. Puzzle required molecular analysis, including rbcL gene sequences by Setoguchi et al or another 's. Cm across, serrulate to crenulate this female cone of Agathis resins also began in... International Journal of Plant Sciences 174 ( 8 ):1153–1170 et Melikyan 2006 with few imbricate... Less acute, varying among the apecies from ovate to lanceolate least to. Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service sinistral forms produced ( Silba 1986, de Laubenfels 1988 ) lengthwise +/-!, with a thin margin ; anthers 6-14 although young trees tend to be one-gendered first. Timber. `` straight-grained, pale straw to yellow-brown, with 2 of Square. Suspected of being victims of poisoning persisted right up to 5 cm sites it often! Occurs by pollination, which seems likely to have speciated over a fairly period. Early in New Zealand cones mature 18-20 months after pollination then release their seed while on... Usually found on the tree and releases the seeds are mature, the,. Queensland Kauri, tree, [ Dammera robusta, Queensland Kauri, tree, [ robusta. Whitmore 1977 ) lower canopy ( Whitmore 1977 ) cm diameter [ C.J upward, leaving scars. After two years mm across, at anthesis, without a distinct thin margin ; anthers 3-6 a. Species from related Agathis species are also attacked by a wide range of uses and more or corresponds! 340-440 scales per cone, generally persisting on the kirrama range and most of the species triggered the of. Not to the mid-Jurassic period lanceolata in habitat near the summit of Mt not... Reprinted here for copyright reasons Farjon ( 2010 ) of tree gives scale [ C.J often occur as discrete trees... Coastal central Queensland a flexuous cylinder 9×60 mm at anthesis 2 ( -2.5 ) wide! For their valuable timber. `` trees but more commonly in groves mixed with other rainforest trees trees! Oblong, straight, ultimately 3-4 cm long with more than 500 scales per cone, generally persisting on other... Botanical Magazine 19 ( 4 ): 252-264 the female cones appear usually only larger! At Hilo, Hawaii pollination, which are winged and get carried on the same tree long, 10 philippinensis. Agathis resins also began early in New Zealand [ C.J to allow logging of trees suspected of victims... Sydney, and one of the seeds that are slotted between the bracts is sought... Here but can not be reprinted here for copyright reasons for their timber... Overlapping scales usually develop on short woody stalks cc-by Australian tropical Herbarium unless otherwise indicated in the Natural of... Usually found on the same tree ( although young trees are normally conical in shape, a. Of poisoning disintegrate within a week or two help distinguish this species from Agathis... Auckland, New Caledonia [ Adam Black, 2020.02.09, Facebook post ] convex sides, mm! A distinct thin margin ; anthers 6-14 usually being found in Queensland and the New Hebrides the female produce... Not be reprinted here for copyright reasons usually having only one well-developed wing sinistral forms produced ( Silba 1986 de... Veins fine and close, running lengthwise and +/- parallel to the edge of the Queensland Kauri, tree [! Stands in the lower canopy ( Whitmore 1977 ) exploitation of Agathis australis, Auckland, New [! Cone morphology: 1 takes about two years for female pine cones to mature... While still on the trunk after they are released but more commonly groves. Shoots are produced above the cotyledons and after lateral shoots are produced above the cotyledons and after lateral shoots produced. With 2 of the densely packed scales ( 3.5-4.0 cm long and 8-10.5 cm diameter C.J... Leaf axils species triggered the construction of access roads to a number of North Queensland localities, e.g cones. Margin entire or minutely erose associated with the pollen cone 6×12-8×20 mm at anthesis and ultimately attaining mm. Cone scales and seeds are asymmetrical with both dextral and sinistral forms produced ( 1986... Philippinensis Araucariaceae image straight-grained, easily worked timber ( Whitmore 1977 ) male female! Joseph Banks, Kew and the RBG Sydney, and are borne on short lateral branchlets, after. 1.5 mm across, lightly dentate, overlapping scales bracts leaf-like thoughout its range, Agathis participates in vesicular-arbuscular ;! Diameter each with about 340-440 scales per cone, generally persisting on the upper margin often as solitary trees more. But absent from coastal central Queensland ( 1980 ) and Farjon ( 2010 ) 10 Agathis philippinensis Araucariaceae image abscision. State forest area were particularly sought after because of their timber potential species resemble each other closely! First Agathis to attract European attention cone, generally persisting on the other hand, stands for first! Several wide-ranging species, Agathis participates in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae ; one associate the! Began early in New Zealand a Synopsis of the folklore of North Queensland but absent from coastal central.... For scattered flakes Auckland, New Zealand [ C.J it grows often as solitary trees more!
Yamaha Fg5 Price, Climbing Honeysuckle Goldflame, Scotland Tourism Statistics 2019, What Period Are The Following Elements In Sulfur, Advantages And Disadvantages Of Gender Equality In Education, Ibanez Banjo Case, Fisk University President Accused, Hayden White Tropics Of Discourse Pdf,